Malaysia's political katak, on the record. Every party-hop across every election since 1955. Search any politician's full party trajectory, or browse the national leaderboard of frogs.
🔗 Live: https://zachtheyek.github.io/lompat/
Party-hopping (lompat parti) is one of the most resented features of modern Malaysian politics — the Sheraton Move, the 2022 Anti-Hopping Law. Lompat turns the question "who has actually hopped, and how often?" into a definitive, searchable record. This is only possible because the Malaysian Election Corpus gives every candidate a stable unique ID across seven decades — the single hardest part to reproduce from scraped data.
All underlying data is the Malaysian Election Corpus (MECo) by Thevesh Thevananthan (CC0). Not affiliated with the author. Corpus: github.com/Thevesh/paper-meco-results · paper: Scientific Data 13, 190 (2026).
- A switch = the canonical party changes between two consecutive elections a candidate contested.
- Renames, mergers and absorptions are NOT switches (e.g. PETIR→DAP, or PKN+PRM→PKR): the party became another, the person didn't choose to move. We do count splinters/splits (breaking away to form a new party is a choice).
- Lompat sees party as recorded across the elections a candidate contested — it is not a real-time floor-crossing monitor between polls. A mid-term defection that isn't followed by contesting under the new party won't appear.
- "Frog" / "katak" is Malaysian political slang for a party-hopper; the framing is descriptive, not a judgement of any individual's reasons.
Katak tier — by number of party-switches (hops):
| Hops | Label | Colour |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Loyalist 💍 | blue |
| 1–3 | Katak 🐸 | pink-red |
| 4+ | Super-katak 🐸 | purple |
Landing tier (hoppers only) — by jump win-rate, the share of hops that landed an election win. Career win-rate (shown for everyone) uses the same thresholds with a distinct emoji set:
| Win-rate | Landing (jumps) | Career (all) |
|---|---|---|
| > 60% | 🟢 Soft landing | 🏆 |
| 25–60% | 🟡 Bumpy landing | 🗳️ |
| < 25% | 🔴 Crash landing | 📉 |
Candidate cards also surface 🪃 Boomerang (returned to a former party), 🔀 Coalition-crosser (jumps that crossed coalition lines, teal), and 🎖 Veteran (10+ elections, orange) where they apply.
How a single hop is scored W or L (the "hybrid" rule): a hop is a win if the candidate won their first contest under the new party, otherwise a loss — so every hop gets a verdict. Where the party the candidate left also contested that very seat, we additionally flag the clean head-to-head result ("beat their former party" / "former party won this seat").
The home page has six ranked views, in order: Most jumps, Best & worst-timed (by jump win-rate, sortable), Boomerangs, Coalition-crossers, Loyal & true (loyalists by career win-rate, sortable), and Veterans (most elections). Alongside:
- Most-travelled routes and Where they go (biggest inflows / outflows) — both show win-rates; routes are clickable (e.g. everyone who has gone UMNO → BEBAS).
- Biggest organized hops — elections where 5+ candidates jumped into the same party at once (splits, defection waves, new parties — e.g. the 2022 Sheraton-era move to BERSATU, or PEJUANG 2022 where 26 ran and none won). Each event page lists every candidate with their W/L and the share who won.
- Hops by year — a Tufte-style time series (grey = an election year, green = the peak).
Data is generated, not committed — scripts/build_data.py reads the
meco-data foundation (out/*.parquet) and
writes public/data/. The deploy workflow regenerates it on every push, and weekly:
the weekly run first checks whether the MECo data actually changed since the last deploy
(stamped in dist/data-version.txt) and does nothing if not. So the live site
self-updates whenever the data is refreshed, with no code change and no idle rebuilds.
Refreshing the underlying data is itself automatic: meco-data auto-refreshes weekly from the upstream corpus and this site picks it up the same day.
npm install
npm run data # one-liner refresh: rebuild public/data from ../meco-data/out (needs pandas + pyarrow)
npm run dev # local dev server
npm run build # vite + OG cards (every searchable candidate) + prerender + 404 SPA fallbackPart of a family of civic data-viz tools built on the Malaysian Election Corpus:
- Undi Wrapped — your constituency's election story, Spotify-Wrapped style
- Salasilah — the family tree of Malaysia's parties & coalitions
- Nadi Demokrasi — the health of the democracy in fourteen indicators
- Undi Lain — re-run past elections under different voting systems
- Undi Generasi — how Malaysia votes across generations
Code: MIT. Data: CC0 (MECo / Thevesh Thevananthan).