fix(structure): reject atom-to-self bonds in BondList and chem_comp_bond writer

src/biotite/structure/bonds.pyx

@@ -306,6 +306,13 @@ class BondList(Copyable):
                     "Input array containing bonds must be either of shape "
                     "(n,2) or (n,3)"
                 )
+            # After per-row sorting a self-bond appears as a row whose two
+            # atom indices are equal. These cannot represent valid chemistry,
+            # so reject them at the construction boundary.
+            if (self._bonds[:, 0] == self._bonds[:, 1]).any():
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Input contains a bond from an atom to itself"
+                )
             self._remove_redundant_bonds()
             self._max_bonds_per_atom = self._get_max_bonds_per_atom()
 
@@ -939,6 +946,11 @@ class BondList(Copyable):
 
         cdef uint32 index1 = _to_positive_index(atom_index1, self._atom_count)
         cdef uint32 index2 = _to_positive_index(atom_index2, self._atom_count)
+        if index1 == index2:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Cannot create a bond from an atom to itself "
+                f"(atom index {index1})"
+            )
         _sort(&index1, &index2)
 
         cdef int i

src/biotite/structure/io/pdbx/convert.py

@@ -1179,6 +1179,19 @@ def _set_intra_residue_bonds(array, atom_site):
     # Take the residue name from the first atom index, as the residue
     # name is the same for both atoms, since we have only intra bonds
     comp_id = array.res_name[bond_array[:, 0]]
+    # Two distinct atom indices can share the same (res_name, atom_name)
+    # annotations — that bond would surface in chem_comp_bond as a
+    # self-bond on the chemical component, which is meaningless.
+    not_self_bond = atom_id_1 != atom_id_2
+    atom_id_1 = atom_id_1[not_self_bond]
+    atom_id_2 = atom_id_2[not_self_bond]
+    comp_id = comp_id[not_self_bond]
+    bond_array = bond_array[not_self_bond]
+    value_order = value_order[not_self_bond]
+    aromatic_flag = aromatic_flag[not_self_bond]
+    any_mask = any_mask[not_self_bond]
+    if len(bond_array) == 0:
+        return None
     _, unique_indices = np.unique(
         np.stack([comp_id, atom_id_1, atom_id_2], axis=-1), axis=0, return_index=True
     )

tests/structure/test_bonds.py

@@ -110,6 +110,29 @@ def test_invalid_creation():
             ),
         )
 
+    # Reject self-bonds at construction time
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="atom to itself"):
+        struc.BondList(5, np.array([[2, 2]]))
+    # Self-bonds expressed via mixed positive and negative indices
+    # (-1 resolves to 4 with atom_count=5) should also be rejected.
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="atom to itself"):
+        struc.BondList(5, np.array([[4, -1]]))
+
+
+def test_add_self_bond_rejected():
+    """
+    ``BondList.add_bond`` must reject bonds whose two atom indices refer to
+    the same atom, regardless of how the indices are written (positive,
+    negative, or a mix that resolves to the same positive index).
+    """
+    bond_list = struc.BondList(5)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="atom to itself"):
+        bond_list.add_bond(2, 2)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="atom to itself"):
+        bond_list.add_bond(4, -1)
+    # The list should remain empty after the rejected adds.
+    assert len(bond_list.as_array()) == 0
+
 
 def test_modification(bond_list):
     """