diff --git a/changelog.d/1616.change.md b/changelog.d/1616.change.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7b4e981f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1616.change.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fixed a bug where `include()`/`exclude()` filters compared `Attribute` instances by value; they are now compared by identity so distinct attributes with equal fields are no longer conflated.
diff --git a/src/attr/filters.py b/src/attr/filters.py
index 689b1705a..ff8f57581 100644
--- a/src/attr/filters.py
+++ b/src/attr/filters.py
@@ -36,10 +36,11 @@ def include(*what):
     cls, names, attrs = _split_what(what)
 
     def include_(attribute, value):
+        """Include."""
         return (
             value.__class__ in cls
             or attribute.name in names
-            or attribute in attrs
+            or any(attribute is a for a in attrs)
         )
 
     return include_
@@ -63,10 +64,11 @@ def exclude(*what):
     cls, names, attrs = _split_what(what)
 
     def exclude_(attribute, value):
+        """Exclude."""
         return not (
             value.__class__ in cls
             or attribute.name in names
-            or attribute in attrs
+            or any(attribute is a for a in attrs)
         )
 
     return exclude_
diff --git a/tests/test_filters.py b/tests/test_filters.py
index 08314fa88..0aea99101 100644
--- a/tests/test_filters.py
+++ b/tests/test_filters.py
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 
 @attr.s
 class C:
+    """C."""
+
     a = attr.ib()
     b = attr.ib()
 
@@ -124,3 +126,39 @@ def test_drop_class(self, excl, value):
         """
         e = exclude(*excl)
         assert e(fields(C).a, value) is False
+
+
+@attr.s
+class C2:
+    """C2."""
+
+    a = attr.ib()
+    repeated = attr.ib()
+
+
+@attr.s
+class D2:
+    """D2."""
+
+    b = attr.ib()
+    repeated = attr.ib()
+
+
+class TestSameNameAcrossClasses:
+    """
+    Two classes may define attributes with the same name but they are
+    different `Attribute` instances; excluding one must not exclude the
+    other (https://github.com/python-attrs/attrs/issues/864).
+    """
+
+    def test_exclude_identity_not_equality(self):
+        """Test Exclude identity not equality."""
+        e = exclude(fields(C2).repeated)
+        assert e(fields(C2).repeated, "x") is False
+        assert e(fields(D2).repeated, "x") is True
+
+    def test_include_identity_not_equality(self):
+        """Test Include identity not equality."""
+        i = include(fields(C2).repeated)
+        assert i(fields(C2).repeated, "x") is True
+        assert i(fields(D2).repeated, "x") is False